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[Jane Maria]

Police officers have often been accused of racism, sexism and, even occasionally, fascism but often these accusations are denied or refuted to be either completely unfounded or to be sourced from aggrieved individuals without, or little, basis in fact. Nevertheless, the accusations continue. These accusations, largely, come from ethnic minorities and, specifically, the black and Asian communities. Women are generally less vocal and even then, by women who're serving police officers regarding poor promotional prospects; generally, most accusations made against the police are in relation to race or ethnicity as opposed to먹튀폴리스.

Are these accusations justified? Do the police suffer with institutional racism as reported in the Macpherson Inquiry following tragic death of Stephen Lawrence in London? Alternatively, can it be truly an instance that, statistically, men (and it is certainly caused by men) who're black are more likely to commit street crime and thus police stop and search of such minorities are appropriate? Would even this justify the evidence that shows police officers stop and search those who are black, six times more frequently than those who are white?

Police officers generally stop individuals they suspect of committing, or being prone to commit, an offence. They're supposed to be equal in their treatment of these they stop and should not undertake, even subconsciously, racial profiling in order to carry out their duties. Of course, police officers are human and thus not infallible and so bring for their work (as many people do) their very own prejudices, beliefs, opinions and interpretations of society and the problems within it. Whilst in a contemporary, multicultural and multi ethnic society, such prejudices are expected to be minimal, the stark reality is that in certain aspects of the UK, minorities are viewed as either overpowering or being given the soft treatment because of their race or ethnicity.

Police prejudices may have been normal in the past, but certainly one would hope that people have moved on as a culture to just accept anyone and everyone on the cornerstone of their actions, over and above along with of their skin or ethnic background. Again, however, infallibility is an individual trait and we cannot expect that police officers are any different. If young black men are committing more street robberies than white men, then undoubtedly they'll be targeted as potential suspects by the police and subject to more rigorous policing such as for example stop and search.

However, can it be police racism, whether overt or elsewhere, which explains the larger (and apparent disproportionate) number of black men stopped by the police? Can it be reflective of a culture that (as some might argue) discriminates against minorities in most aspects: poor educational facilities and fewer employment prospects in order that criminality becomes more desirable and a simpler option for ethnic minorities? Whilst there are some who climb the corporate ladder, becoming successful lawyers, even politicians, doctors and other white collar or blue collar workers, a lot more are excluded from certain posts. The Race Relations Act 1975 was supposed to eliminate discrimination from many facets of society but particularly in relation to employment. As we've often seen with legislation, however, laws to combat society's perception of 'the other' do not necessarily work and, occasionally, may eventually come back and bite people who it seeks to protect.

Are police officers stopping higher numbers of young black men because they're, like society, implicitly racist? The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), when it was produced, needs to have stopped, or at the very least reduced, the amount of people stopped and searched for anything besides 'reasonable suspicion' (s.1). However, reasonable suspicion, whilst legislated to be objective, rarely is: police officers interpret 'reasonable suspicion' in lots of ways and it's easy to find justification where there might be none. Various laws allow police officers to locate those they suspect of carrying illegal substances along with for weapons, etc. Reasonable suspicion of certain individuals might seem obvious and thus stereotyping of several might seem an obvious requirement of police work but not all black men are on the street seeking potential robbery victims; however, exactly how many white old ladies are stopped and searched for drugs or weapons or items utilized in burglaries? It's not necessarily being put forward however that stereotypes must certanly be ignored altogether by police officers when consideration is fond of who must certanly be targeted in stop and search 먹튀폴리스.

Obvious reasons for fewer numbers of old ladies (whether white or black) being stopped by police officers is that they rarely commit crimes, such as for example street robbery, burglary or drugs offences. Therefore, stop and search techniques which involve some kind of stereotyping and/or profiling are necessary; if some approach to stereotyping of the population were not undertaken then ways of policing would either have stop altogether (to avoid any claims of discrimination) or police numbers would need to rise significantly to deal with the larger number of stops required to locate everyone who 'may' carry illegal weapons/substances. Either scenario is highly impractical.

Problems arise when one group (i.e. ethnic minorities) are specifically targeted over any other without reasonable grounds and such grounds should be reasonable utilizing an objective method. Objective reasonable grounds should not are the ethnic group to which a suspect may belong; this naturally occurs, but needless to say, whether consciously or not, officers utilise their experience and knowledge of offending patterns. For anyone police officers, such knowledge or experience can be objective reasoning and thus their stop and search practices continue to check out the pattern that young black men are stopped more frequently. If they believe that, statistically, men of certain ethnic groups are more likely to commit offences such as for example street robbery, then naturally they'll target such groups. If an offender is intending to steal from a residence (burglary), he then or she may 'go equipped' and thus any stop and search would identify this individual as a result; it may be of remember that seven percent of those who are stopped are now actually arrested.

Research shows that whilst police officers are in fact bias to some degree, the underlying reason for his or her bias could be the evidence stated above - that certain groups from ethnic minorities commit higher rates of offenses. This research also demonstrates, despite the fact that there's disproportionately more stop and searches of certain ethnic groups, this isn't solely due to police bias however the geographic and demographics of the area. Nevertheless, in analyzing the Islington Crime Survey, Brian Maclean found some evidence that young black men (16-24 years) were stopped by the police more frequently than white or Asians (19.1% as against 10.9 for exactly the same group of white men) . Interestingly, however, the figures for folks who were stopped and searched are relatively similar: 4.6% for black and 4.0% for white men. The figure for Asian men who were stopped only was 8.5% whilst stop and search figures are significantly lower at 1.4%. All figures relate with stops or stops and searches whilst suspects were on foot. Those in vehicles were lower still although the difference for searches of these in vehicles were more stark than their counterpart figures for those stopped on foot (2.6% white, 7.9% black and 2.5% Asian). On the cornerstone of the figures, it does appear that stops and searches of black men by police have a tendency to outnumber white and Asian men, but what exactly is not clear is whether that is reflective of the demographic area. Many areas in Islington do house greater numbers of black people than white. Another potential problem with interpreting statistical data, is not enough clarity when it comes to when and where such stops took place; i. e. were the stops undertaken by police immediately following a report of a block robbery, was the time suspicious for the reason that - at 2am on a Thursday morning, it may be curious to say anyone walking around and thus stopping people isn't wholly unusual. Statistical analysis is obviously difficult especially if one is seeking to get underlying causes as the data is usually limited and structured in this way as to supply basic information only.

However, to come back to the key question - does racial discrimination or racial attitudes affect police stop and search numbers? Is the disproportionate number of black men who experience stop and search by the police reflective of a greater society which discriminates against them (in that crime is the only real option because of fewer employment opportunities) or can it be geographic for the reason that aspects of higher rates of stop and search of young black men are as results of a better number of black people residing in the region?

A variety of both factors perhaps may exist, along with the truth that younger people generally loaf around without real purpose and/or direction more frequently than those in their thirties and forties who may get out to bars, parties, etc. If we look at age alone, figures reveal that those within the low age range (16-24) are subjected to raised rates of stop and stop and searches by police officers. Those who find themselves aged 45 or over are less probably be stopped by almost one fifth (5.4%) of exactly the same group who're 16-24 years (24.2%), whilst only half the amount are probably be stopped if they are in middle group (aged 25-44 : 13.1%). It's worrying however that it's a general assumption that police officers are racist or that racism is endemic within the police.