Standard cameras integrated into smartphones are able to provide a minimal of 8-bit digital pictures in a format like jpg and have details about shade depth for the 8-bit images equal to 256 variables for each channel. Better cameras giving figures in 12, 14, sixteen, and extra bits and offering uncooked information from the digital sensor are also extensively obtainable out there.

Magnetic strip readers and electrochemical detectors are additionally reported as detection techniques…