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[Adell Krieger]

Drinking water contamination is a huge problem in today's industrialized society. Did you ever wonder how the drinking water treatment process works, and what needs to be done to protect ourselves?

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In this article, I'm going to try to give you a quick guide on how our drinking water treatment is done, that is how our municipal water facilities treat our water, from the lakes and rivers to your home. But this method is still not adequate to protecting ourselves from drinking water contamination and ultimately your health.

The first stage of drinking water treatment starts with some type of pre-treatment. What this stage consists of varies, but what it does is to basically pump the water from the source, pre-screen it, that is to remove large debris like branches, and then store it. What follows might consist of pre-conditioning and pre-chlorination.

Then it might try to adjust the pH level. Below 7 means it's acidic and what they try to do here is just to bring it up to at least 7 or above, which would be alkaline.

I know this might sound boring, but this step is important since, acidic water does a lot more damage to our body then alkaline water does. Our bodies will start to take nutrients out of our teeth and bones to try to level the acidity if the water we drink is acidic. Another scary fact is many facilities might not even use this step in its process to clean the drinking water contamination.

Now, most people wouldn't want to drink water that wasn't clear, right? So the next step might be to use a process called flocculation. All it does is basically throw in some type of small particles, and all the material in the water that gives a color will try to stick itself onto these particles and rise to the top and can be cleared away.

Now the problem is in the actual filtration or treatment of the water. Many municipal facilities use processes like a simple sand-bed filter, which leave a lot of contaminants still left in the water.

What happens is the water slowly drains through a container of sand and anything that is smaller will drain through. The problem with this is, most of the time, the sand su arıtma is coarse, leaving many chemicals and bacteria and viruses still within the water.

Not only that, there are chemicals, especially synthetic ones that are smaller in molecular size than that of water, so that is not going to get filtered out anyways.

They also use many chemicals, including chlorine to treat drinking water contamination, which can be very damaging to our health. Think about it this way, many of the guidelines allow for 3 ppm (parts per million), but simple home test kits for a pool, only allow 1 ppm. If it's not safe to swim in, why should it be safe to drink?

Now, it's hard to cover exactly what your municipal water supply might do for our drinking water treatment. It could be one of the better ones, but since drinking water contamination is such a large dilemma that it is too costly for them to clean to levels that most of us would consider acceptable.

Since drinking water contamination is such a huge problem, it really is up to us to find a drinking water treatment process that can be added to clean our water. The drinking water treatment process I have found to be effective is that we to need a good multi-stage filtration product to filter our water once it reaches our homes.

Improving the quality of water involves disinfection plus purification of untreated surface and ground water.

Community Level

A public/private water treatment facility aims to make water safe to drink and pleasant to taste, while also making sure that there is enough water to supply the needs of the community.

Raw, untreated water comes from an underground aquifer (via wells) or surface water sources like a river or lake. It flows or is pumped to a treatment facility. The moment it is there, the water is treated beforehand to take away debris - like leaves and silt. Then it goes through a series of treatment processes, which include disinfection and filtration using chemicals or physical processes, eliminating microorganisms that cause diseases. Once the treatment is completed, water flows out through a system of pumps and pipes, which is often called the distribution system.

There is a slight difference of water treatment process at various places, based on the technology of the plant and water needed to be processed, but the fundamental principles are mostly the same.

Coagulation / Flocculation

At the coagulation state, liquid aluminium sulfate or alum, and at times polymer, is placed in untreated/raw water. This mixture causes tiny dirt particles in water to be fastened together or coagulated. Then, collections of dirt particles join together to produce bigger, heavier particles - known as flocs - which are easily removed through filtration/settling.

Sedimentation

When water and floc particles go through the treatment process, they flow into sedimentation basins where water moves slowly, letting heavy floc particles dip to the bottom. Floc collected on the lowermost part of the basin is known as sludge. This goes through pipes to reach the drying lagoons. The sedimentation state is not included in Direct Filtration and so, the floc is removed through filtration.

Filtration

Water goes through a filter intended to remove water particles. The filters contain layers of gravel and sand, and in other cases, crushed anthracite. Filtration gathers the suspended water impurities and boosts the efficacy of disinfection. The filters are cleaned on a regular basis by means of backwashing.

Disinfection

Before water goes into the distribution system, it is disinfected to make sure that bacteria that causes diseases, parasites and viruses is eliminated. Chlorine is used since it a very effective in disinfecting and maintaining residual concentration to protect from possible biological contamination present in the system of water distribution.

Sludge Drying

Solids collected then settled out from the water through sedimentation and filtration are taken away and brought to drying lagoons.

Fluoridation

The process of water fluoridation is the treatment of community water supplies to adjust the concentration of free fluoride ion to its optimal level, which is enough to reduce dental cavities. It is mandatory for Hunter Water to fluoridate water in conformity to the NSW Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies Act 1957.

Correction of pH

Filtered water has lime added to it to adjust the pH level and stabilize natural soft water, so corrosion in the distribution system and customers' plumbing can be reduced.